Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver most commonly caused by drugs, toxins or viral infections. Despite the various causes of hepatitis, the signs and symptoms are often similar and the exact diagnosis usually requires laboratory testing. We will review the more commonly seen viral hepatitis illnesses; Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is usually acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water. It is often seen in epidemics, and outbreaks often occur in areas of poor water purification or low economic status. Infected persons transmit the virus to others via fecal particles. Hand washing, water purification, and hygienic food handling practices are therefore essential. The symptoms of Hepatitis A occur about 30 days after infection, typically last two to three weeks and include low grade fever, weakness, fatigue, mild jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes), and headaches. Symptoms are usually more severe in adults, where serious liver damage can occur, though rarely. A vaccine (see Immunizations) is now available and is recommended for all travelers to Mexico. Hepatitis A infections usually resolve without complication.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is present in blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions. In most cases, transmission is through sexual contact, blood or blood product transfusion, or by sharing needles (typically amongst drug abusers). The time from transmission to the development of symptoms is six weeks to six months. Condom use is essential to avoid transmission.

The long-term outcome of people infected with Hepatitis B varies. Many become infective carriers of the disease and others fight it off without a problem. Less commonly, infection may result in hepatic failure and the need for liver transplantation. Blood products are well screened throughout the U.S. and within major hospitals in Mexico, but hepatitis can still be transmitted.

The vaccine for Hepatitis B requires three injections over a six-month period (see Immunizations) and is reserved for children and people whose activities or professions place them at an increased risk of exposure.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is similar in its mode of transmission to Hepatitis B. However, it is more commonly transmitted by blood-to-blood contact as seen in IV drug abuse and blood transfusions. It can also be transmitted by those using cocaine in the nostrils, and in tattoo parlors that do not properly sterilize body piercing and tattoo making equipment. Hepatitis C may resolve on its own, but is more typically a festering infection that can lead to liver failure.

In the U.S., widespread screening has greatly reduced your chances of contracting Hepatitis C via blood transfusion; the cases are now only 1 per 100,000 units transfused. Most of Mexico’s hospitals, and certainly its more prestigious institutions, use the same technology when screening blood and blood products.