Hypoxia

Hypoxia describes a condition where the body does not have enough oxygen. Any condition that interferes with the transport of air from the tank, to the lungs, into the blood stream, and eventually to the organs can result in hypoxia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, confusion, slurred speech, visual changes, extreme fatigue, and headache. If hypoxia is severe, stupor, coma, or death may ensue. If a diver is severely oxygen-deprived the respiratory rate increases and the lips, tongue, and later the face, all turn blue.

If you suspect hypoxia in a fellow diver consider the multitude of problems that may interfere with oxygen effectively reaching the organs (most notably the brain). Problems may be mechanical such as tank or regulator malfunction. The oxygen mix may be insufficient, the flow rate may be abnormal, or the oxygen supply may be exhausted. There may be a mechanical obstruction of the airway and/or lungs, i.e., a foreign body. The lungs may be damaged from an air embolism, a pneumothorax, or gas bubbles as seen with DCI. Conditions that result in the insufficient transport of blood to the tissues may result in hypoxia. This would include conditions where the heart is no longer pumping well (heart attack, congestive heart failure) or the blood vessels have collapsed (shock), or there has been excessive bleeding.

If hypoxia is suspected evaluate the airway and remove any obstruction. If the diver is not breathing initiate mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or deliver breaths with a hand-held ambu-bag. If there is insufficient circulation initiate chest compressions. Administer oxygen as soon as possible. Seek medical assistance immediately.