Snake Bites

With over 320 species in Mexico alone, it is no wonder the snake is stamped on its flag and plays such an important role in the country’s history. Of the different types of snakes, only the rattlesnake (cascabel or crótalo), red coral snake (coralillo), nauyacas, and cantiles snakes are venomous. The states of highest risk are Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Tlaxcala, Nayarit, and Durango.

The rattlesnake, familiar because of its rattler and triangular head, accounts for 45% of snakebites. Masters of disguise, their colors and patterns allow them to blend well with their surroundings, often seeming invisible. The nauyaca snake accounts for 43% of snakebites, and varies significantly in color and size. The highly venomous red coral snake, recognized by its red-yellow-black or black-red-black rings, accounts for only 4% of snakebites and is mostly found in Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Chiapas.

In Mexico, between 500-700 bites are reported annually. Mortality rates are low (less than 1%), as not all snakes are venomous or are unable to inject their venom, and because accurate treatment is administered in a timely manner. Since most snakes strike when a person has accidentally stepped on them, 72% of snakebites occur on the feet and ankles and 14% on the calves. It is therefore advisable, when hiking in a high-risk region, to wear thick-soled, high boots covering this area of your body.

The bite of the snake is usually painless and, but for the fang marks, could go unnoticed. Bruising, bleeding, and local swelling are more evident indications. After one hour, possible symptoms include headache, irritability, light sensitivity, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, confusion, and coagulation abnormalities. If left unattended, limb and respiratory muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, peripheral circulatory failure and eventually death could occur within 8 to 72 hours.

Treatment

If a snake bites you, keep calm and seek immediate medical attention. If the snake has administered its venom, you will require anti-snake bite serum. Until you receive medical attention, minimize your activity and immobilize the area bitten, keeping it below the heart. Do not apply ice to the bite area, do not make any incisions, do not apply a tourniquet, and do not administer alcohol or take drugs (especially Demerol, codeine or morphine). If you will be hiking in high-risk areas, be sure to purchase a snakebite kit and booklet.