Sprains and Strains

A sprain occurs when there is damage to a ligament, which attaches bone to bone. For example, ligaments attach the finger bone to the hand bone. A strain also occurs when there is damage to a tendon, which attaches muscle to bone. An example is the calf muscle, which is attached to the heal bone by the Achilles tendon. A sudden overstretching or quick, abnormal movement of a ligament or tendon causes a sprain or a strain. An example would be a sudden jump or knee twist, or a finger suddenly moving beyond its normal range of motion.

Treatment

As soon as you suspect a strain or sprain, check for pain, as pain can be an indicator of a strain or sprain. Next look for swelling (joint enlargement or bruising indicated by purple or dark skin). Check the range of motion of the affected joint. If affected, there may be a stability issue and the joint can not protect itself from further damage. Stop the activity that caused the strain or sprain.

You can typically manage minor sprains and strains without medical attention by following PRICE guidelines:

• P rotect the area from further damage. For instance, put an elastic bandage around a hurt knee.
• R est the affected area.
• I ce the affected area. Ice decreases muscle spasms and dulls pain.
• C ompress the affected area. For example, wrap a moderately tight elastic bandage around an ankle sprain.
• E levate the affected area above the heart to stop any swelling.

You can also use medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as Ibuprofen or Naproxen can help decrease swelling and pain. Severe injuries can involve bone fracture or damage to blood vessels and nerves. If you CAN NOT move the joint anymore or CAN NOT stand on a weight-bearing joint (ankle, knee, hip), or the area downstream from the joint is numb or cold (e.g. the fingers are numb after a wrist sprain) seek medical attention immediately.

Risk Factors

You are at a greater risk of getting a sprain or strain if you:

• engage in repetitive activity. An example would be pitching a softball game.
• do not adequately warm up the “about to be used” muscle group. An example would be a thigh muscle used for running
• are a “weekend warrior”. This is when someone who does not regularly work out suddenly does too much at one time.